How should I plan for taxes while managing investments?

Choose tax-efficient account placement: hold tax-inefficient income-generating assets (bonds, REITs) inside tax-advantaged accounts and tax-efficient assets (index equity funds) in taxable accounts. Use tax-advantaged retirement accounts to reduce taxable income today or grow tax-free in Roth accounts for future tax-free withdrawals, depending on expected tax rates. Harvest tax losses in taxable accounts to offset gains and limit realized capital gains in high-tax years. Be mindful of holding periods for long-term capital gains, municipal bonds for state-tax-sensitive investors, and required minimum distributions in retirement. Coordinate major transactions with a tax-aware advisor and plan trades to minimize unexpected tax bills.